Uluslararası bir araştırma, güneş panelleri kullanarak mikroorganizmalardan protein üretmenin geleneksel tarımdan daha sürdürülebilir olduğunu gösterdi.
Mikroorganizmalar binlerce yıldır gıdalarımızda yer alıyor. Peynir, yoğurt, fermente içecekler ve probiyotik ürünler bunların sadece bir kısmı. Ancak beslenmemizdeki rolleri önümüzdeki yıllarda çok daha farklı bir yön izleyecek gibi görünüyor. İnsan nüfusu artıp hayvansal ürünlere olan talep yükseldikçe dünyamız daha da büyük bir gıda çıkmazıyla karşı karşıya kalıyor. Gıda talebinin geleneksel tarım ve hayvancılık yöntemleriyle karşılanmasının çevresel maliyetinin çok yüksek olacağı ifade ediliyor.
Bu soruna eğilen araştırmacılar, mikroorganizmalardan protein üretmek için güneş panelleri kullanmayı denediler. Proteinler yanında diğer besin ögelerinin de üretilmesine olanak veren bu yöntemin geleneksel tarımdan daha sürdürülebilir, verimli ve çevreye duyarlı olduğu belirtildi. Gıda üretiminde çığır açabilecek bu yenilikçi yöntemde güneş enerjisi, arazi, besinler ve havadaki karbondioksit kullanılıyor. Elde edilen protein açısından zengin biyokütle toplanarak işleniyor. Ortaya çıkan toz halindeki ürün ise hayvan yemi veya insan gıdası olarak kullanılabiliyor.
Yenilenebilir enerjiyle sürdürülebilir gıda üretimi
Çalışmada üretimin her aşamasındaki enerji ihtiyacı hesaplandı. Bu aşamalar şöyle sıralandı: Güneş panelleri ile elektrik üretimi, mikroorganizmaların beslenmesi için enerjisi yüksek besi malzemesinin elektrokimyasal yöntemle üretilmesi, mikroorganizmaların yetiştirilmesi, toplanması ve protein yönünden zengin biyokütlenin işlenmesi. En verimli sürecin belirlenebilmesi için farklı mikroorganizmalar ve yetiştirme stratejileri de denendi.
Araştırma sonuçlarına göre bu sistemle üretilen her 1 kilogram protein başına ihtiyaç duyulan arazi, en verimli bitkisel ürünlerden olan soya fasulyesinin ihtiyaç duyduğu alanın %10’u kadar oldu. Araştırmacılar daha az güneş alan Kuzey ikliminde bile güneş enerjisi ile mikroorganizma kökenli gıda üretiminin temel tarla bitkilerinden çok daha verimli olduğunu ifade etti.
Su, gübre ve tarım arazisi kullanımı azalıyor
Diğer yandan, bu yöntemle su ve gübre kullanımının azaltıldığı, sürdürülebilir üretimin çöller gibi tarıma elverişli olmayan yerlerde de yapılabileceği de vurgulanıyor. Halihazırda dünyadaki karaların %30-40’lık bir bölümünün tarım için kullanıldığı, yine de her on insandan birinin yeterince beslenemediği ifade ediliyor.
PNAS dergisinde yayınlanan çalışmada; besin ögeleri açısından zengin mikroorganizmaların üretiminin güneş panelleri gibi yenilenebilir enerji sistemleri ile birleştirilmesinin daha az kaynakla daha fazla gıda üretiminin önünü açacağı belirtiliyor. Uzmanlar bu sayede tarım arazilerine duyulan ihtiyacın azalacağı, doğal ekosistemlerin karşı karşıya kaldığı tahribatın sona ereceği ve sürdürülebilirliğe katkı sağlanabileceği belirtiliyor.
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